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The Genesis of a Medieval Manuscript

lquigley

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Catchword included into a griffin-like creature.
Drypoint rulings visible near right-hand margin.
British Library Harley 5648
Ruling:

After the scribe had finished pricking, he would then rule the parchment.  Until the late eleventh century, parchment pages were ruled with drypoint, using a piece of metal or bone to create indentations in the animal skin.  The tools for drypoint were very sharp; occasionally, scribes cut completely through the parchment when ruling.  With drypoint, it was only necessary to rule on side of the parchment, as the pressure from the knife or stylus would produce indentations in one side of the parchment -- say, for the purpose of this example, the hair-side -- and raised ridges on the other side -- here, the flesh-side.  This pressure-based method also allowed scribes to rule more than one sheet of parchment at a time: as they ruled, the pressure would carry through into lower sheets, producing the same indentations and ridges throughout.  Markings grew fainter on lower sheets, of course, and sometimes the lowest sheets would need to be re-ruled. 
Decorated initial 'S'(epe), pen-flourished initial 'h'(ec), and a coat of arms of a white unicorn on a blue shield.
Very dark vertical rulings done in plummet.
British Library Harley 3598

After the late eleventh century, scribes began to move away from ruling in drypoint and toward the practice of ruling in plummet -- a type of leadpoint.  Graham and Clements suggest that the transition from drypoint to plummet occurred over several decades, and that "manuscripts ruled in drypoint can be found as late as the third quarter of the twelfth century" (17).  Rulings in plummet can be identified by their grey or reddish-brown coloration; the lines are generally thin and granular, and sometimes hardly visible. Unlike scribes who ruled in drypoint, scribes using plummet had to rule both sides of a leaf of parchment, and could not rule any more quickly than one side at a time, as the plummet did not bleed through or create an imprint in multiple leaves at once. Plummet did carry several advantages, however: there was very little chance, if any, of ruining a sheet of parchment by pressing too hard, and scribes could erase poorly drawn lines with little leftover marking.

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